瀝青料，專業(yè)名稱為“路用瀝青材料”，是指技術(shù)指標(biāo)符合道路使用要求的各種瀝青的總稱。瀝青因其優(yōu)異的粘結(jié)性、防水性和耐久性，被譽(yù)為道路建設(shè)的“黑色黃金”。人類使用天然瀝青的歷史可追溯至公元前三千余年，但直到19世紀(jì)末，石油瀝青因其穩(wěn)定性高才開始逐步取代天然瀝青成為道路建設(shè)的主流材料。

Asphalt material, professionally known as "road asphalt material", refers to a general term for various types of asphalt with technical indicators that meet the requirements for road use. Asphalt is known as the "black gold" of road construction due to its excellent adhesion, waterproofing, and durability. The history of human use of natural asphalt can be traced back to over 3000 BC, but it was not until the late 19th century that petroleum asphalt gradually replaced natural asphalt as the mainstream material for road construction due to its high stability.

瀝青的分類主要依據(jù)來源。瀝青主要可分為石油瀝青、煤焦瀝青和天然瀝青三大類。石油瀝青是當(dāng)今道路建設(shè)中使用非常廣泛的路用瀝青材料，由適當(dāng)性質(zhì)的原油經(jīng)常減壓蒸餾獲得，也可由減壓渣油經(jīng)淺度氧化或丙烷脫瀝青工藝制得。道路石油瀝青大多呈溶凝膠狀態(tài)，含有較多的樹脂成分，具有較好的流變性能和高溫穩(wěn)定性，在常溫下有自行愈合的能力，鋪成的道路結(jié)構(gòu)層不易出現(xiàn)裂縫，使用壽命較長。煤焦瀝青是煉焦副產(chǎn)品，在道路工程中也有一定應(yīng)用。天然瀝青則包括天然存在的瀝青礦藏，如特立尼達(dá)湖瀝青等。

The classification of asphalt is mainly based on its source. Asphalt can be mainly divided into three categories: petroleum asphalt, coal tar asphalt, and natural asphalt. Petroleum asphalt is the most widely used asphalt material in road construction today. It is obtained by vacuum distillation of crude oil with appropriate properties, or by shallow oxidation or propane deasphalting of vacuum residue oil. Most of the road asphalt is in the form of soluble gel, contains more resin components, has good rheological properties and high temperature stability, and has the ability to self heal at room temperature. The paved road structure layer is not easy to crack, and has a long service life. Coal tar pitch is a byproduct of coking and also has certain applications in road engineering. Natural asphalt includes naturally occurring asphalt deposits, such as Trinidad Lake asphalt.

瀝青的“三大指標(biāo)” 是評價(jià)瀝青質(zhì)量的核心參數(shù)，也是道路工程技術(shù)人員建議掌握的基礎(chǔ)知識。

The "three major indicators" of asphalt are the core parameters for evaluating the quality of asphalt, and they are also the basic knowledge that road engineering technicians must master.

針入度是衡量瀝青稠度（即軟硬程度）的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)。它是指在規(guī)定的溫度和時間內(nèi)，一定重量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)針垂直穿入瀝青試樣的深度，以0.1毫米為單位。針入度越大，瀝青越軟；針入度越小，瀝青越硬。同一品種的石油瀝青中，牌號越小瀝青越硬，牌號越大瀝青越軟。常見的牌號如50號、70號、90號等，數(shù)字即代表針入度范圍——例如70號瀝青在25℃時針入度為60-80（0.1mm）。不同交通量和氣候條件的道路需要選擇不同針入度等級的瀝青。

Penetration is a key indicator for measuring the consistency (i.e. softness) of asphalt. It refers to the depth, measured in 0.1 millimeters, at which a standard needle of a certain weight penetrates the asphalt sample vertically within a specified temperature and time. The greater the penetration, the softer the asphalt; The smaller the penetration, the harder the asphalt. In the same variety of petroleum asphalt, the smaller the grade, the harder the asphalt, and the larger the grade, the softer the asphalt. Common grades such as 50, 70, 90, etc., with numbers representing the penetration range - for example, 70 asphalt has a penetration range of 60-80 (0.1mm) at 25 ℃. Roads with different traffic volumes and climatic conditions require the selection of asphalt with different penetration grades.

軟化點(diǎn)反映瀝青的高溫穩(wěn)定性。軟化點(diǎn)越高，瀝青在高溫下抵抗流動和變形的能力越強(qiáng)。在炎熱地區(qū)或重載交通路段，需要選擇軟化點(diǎn)較高的瀝青，以防止路面在夏季高溫下出現(xiàn)車轍變形。延度則反映瀝青的塑性變形能力，延度越大，瀝青在低溫下的抗裂性能越好。在寒冷地區(qū)，需要選擇延度較大的瀝青，以防止路面在冬季低溫下開裂。

The softening point reflects the high-temperature stability of asphalt. The higher the softening point, the stronger the ability of asphalt to resist flow and deformation at high temperatures. In hot areas or heavy traffic sections, it is necessary to choose asphalt with a higher softening point to prevent rutting deformation of the road surface during high temperatures in summer. Ductility reflects the plastic deformation ability of asphalt, and the greater the ductility, the better the crack resistance of asphalt at low temperatures. In cold regions, it is necessary to choose asphalt with high ductility to prevent cracking of the road surface at low temperatures in winter.

瀝青的分類體系在工程實(shí)踐中不斷細(xì)化。按生產(chǎn)加工方法，石油瀝青可分為直餾瀝青、溶劑脫油瀝青、氧化瀝青、調(diào)和瀝青、乳化瀝青、改性瀝青等。直餾瀝青是非?；A(chǔ)的瀝青產(chǎn)品，通過常減壓蒸餾直接得到。改性瀝青則是在基質(zhì)瀝青中添加SBS、SBR等聚合物改性劑，大幅提升瀝青的高溫穩(wěn)定性、低溫抗裂性和抗老化性能。乳化瀝青是將瀝青分散于水中形成的乳液，可在常溫下施工，廣泛應(yīng)用于透層、粘層和稀漿封層等。

The classification system of asphalt is constantly refined in engineering practice. According to the production and processing methods, petroleum asphalt can be divided into straight run asphalt, solvent deoiled asphalt, oxidized asphalt, blended asphalt, emulsified asphalt, modified asphalt, etc. Straight run asphalt is the most basic asphalt product, obtained directly through atmospheric and vacuum distillation. The modified asphalt is to add polymer modifiers such as SBS and SBR in the base asphalt, greatly improving the high-temperature stability, low-temperature cracking resistance and aging resistance of asphalt. Emulsified asphalt is a lotion formed by dispersing asphalt in water. It can be constructed at room temperature and is widely used in prime coat, tack coat and slurry seal.

在性能檢測方面，除三大指標(biāo)外，瀝青還需檢測黏度、閃點(diǎn)、蠟含量、溶解度等指標(biāo)。隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展，SHRP（美國戰(zhàn)略公路研究計(jì)劃）規(guī)范中引入了動態(tài)剪切流變試驗(yàn)（DSR）、彎曲梁試驗(yàn)（BBR）等更科學(xué)的評價(jià)方法，分別表征瀝青的高溫抗車轍能力、低溫抗開裂能力和抗疲勞開裂能力。這些檢測手段的進(jìn)步，為瀝青的合理選型和道路的長壽命設(shè)計(jì)提供了科學(xué)依據(jù)。

In terms of performance testing, in addition to the three major indicators, asphalt also needs to be tested for viscosity, flash point, wax content, solubility and other indicators. With the development of technology, more scientific evaluation methods such as dynamic shear rheological test (DSR) and bending beam test (BBR) have been introduced in the SHRP (Strategic Highway Research Program) specification to characterize the high-temperature rutting resistance, low-temperature cracking resistance, and fatigue cracking resistance of asphalt, respectively. The advancement of these detection methods provides a scientific basis for the precise selection of asphalt and the long-term design of roads.

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